Endourology
Endourology is a branch of urology that deals with the closed operations of the urinary system. It has lately grown to include all minimally invasive urologic surgical procedures. In comparison with open surgery, endourology is performed using small cameras and instruments inserted into the urinary tract. Transurethral surgery has been the mainspring of endourology. Most of the urinary tract could be approached via the urethra, enabling surgery of tumors of the urinary bladder, prostate surgery, stone surgery, and simple urethral and urethral procedures. Recently, the addition of laparoscopy and robotics has included in this branch of urology, as well.
Laparoscopy
Laparoscopy is a rapidly evolving branch of urology and has replaced some open surgical techniques.
PCNL
(PCNL) is a minimally- invasive procedure to remove stones through the skin.
TUL
Transurethral lithotripsy (TUL) is a method to remove ureteral stones.
RIRS
Retrograde intra-renal surgery (RIRS) is a endourologic method to remove kidney stones.
ESWL
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a treatment mostly used to treat kidney stones.